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In cognitive psychology, studies of learning strategies with first language learners have concentrated on determining the effects of strategy training on different kinds of tasks and learners. Findings from these studies generally indicated that strategy training is effective in improving the performance of students on wide range of reading comprehension and(1)______ problem-solving tasks. One of the more important outcome of these(2)______ psychological studies was the formulation of learning strategies in an information-processing theoretical model. This model contains an executive, or metacognitive, function in addition with an operative, or cognitive-(3)______ processing, function. Metacognitive strategies involve in thinking about the(4)______ learning process, planning for learning, monitoring of comprehension or production while it is taken place,(5)______ or self-evaluation after the learning activity has been completed.(6)______ Cognitive strategies are more directly related to individual learning tasks and entail directly manipulation or transformation of the learning(7)______ materials. A third type of learning strategy identifying in the literature on(8)______ cognitive psychology concern the influence of social and affective processes(9)______ on learning. Examples of social/affective strategies are cooperative learning, where involves peer interaction to achieve a common goal in learning, and(10)______ asking questions for clarification. Research in metacognitive and cognitive learning strategies suggests that transfer of strategy training to new tasks can be maximized by pairing metacognitive strategies with appropriate cognitive strategies.
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